Susan Glaspell s `` Trifles `` - 924 Words

As this story begins, Mr. Wright has been murdered and his wife the star witness. The evidence is slowly breaking down their so called case. Women of this time period were not treated like men, a woman was only good when she was slaving for her husband and his needs. As Emily Dickinson once wrote â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers/ that perches in the soul/ and sings the tune-without the words, / and never stops at all.† Mrs. Wright used to sing but Mr. Wright did not like that and forced her to a quiet. Mr. Wright was a bitter old man playing a gentleman; never taking a liking to kids he stole her hope for children, leaving her baron in her womb and her heart. He was a control maniac and demanded power in every aspect of this poor woman’s life; No Children, No Song, No Friends; she had nothing, which meant nothing to lose. In Susan Glaspell’s drama, â€Å"Trifles†, we explore the gender inequality between men and women of that time and why that has suc h a large influence on the murder investigation. The women in this novel and of this time period seemed to have hope pre-marriage, Mrs. Wright had hope pre-marriage, it was a sense of freedom and gave them rights that they needed and deserved. The Sherriff taunts Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale â€Å"They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it† (Glaspell’s, 1160) this is very degrading, and the women were simply trying to make small talk as they gathered Mrs. Wrights things for jail. The comment the sheriff made was notShow MoreRelatedTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that has little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The cent ral conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to womenRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1577 Words   |  7 Pagesfeminism are published. One of those is ‘Trifles’ by Susan Glaspell as the American feminist movement addressed feminism at that time (Manuel, 57). There are several factors in Trifles representing the disadvantages of absence of feminism and the importance of feminism such as se tting and situation. First, the setting, a first factor, implies the importance of feminism. In Trifles, the main setting is an isolated rural farmhouse. From the line 9 in Trifles, Mr.Hale mentioned the husband as a passiveRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 3309 Words   |  14 Pagesit’s all just a different kind of the same thing† (561) is a line spoken in Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles. Writers look at the world around them and envision the way it should be. They take bits and pieces of their life’s landscape, add a liberal dose of surreal ideology and finally toss in human oppressions. To that end, the writer hopes to create a memorable character that can touch the human soul for eternity. Susan Glaspell, a writer in the early twentieth century, lived during a time when womenRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Susan Glaspell Trifles The play, Trifles by Susan Glaspell shows her preoccupation with gender and sex roles as notions of culture. The author is spells out the treatment of women as mere trifles in the society, as less important when compared to men. This calls for the questioning of the role of both men and women in the society with regard to the value and devalue given to perspective and knowledge. The reader should thus realize that women have an important role to play in theRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pagescoming?† (Welty qtd. In Literature ). Trifles is a short play, by Susan Glaspell that was written in the 20th century when women were possession of the husband. The division between men and women in the play not just mentally or emotionally but it was also physically , and that symbolizes the different between genders at this time. Susan Glaspell shows that through her characters in this play. Glaspell uses the characters (Mr. Wright and Mrs. Wright) to prove how men wereRead MoreAn Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 983 Words   |  4 Pagespreconception someone makes based on gender, race, or religion that in this case is by gender, and affects women based on their expected gender roles. Women endlessly have expectations that go along with being a wife, mother, or simply a female. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, 1955 by Alice Walker, and Girl by Jamaica Kincaid women are stereotyped by men and told to follow unwritten but expected roles such as being seen and not heard. As well as how they present themselves, t heir behavior, and tasks they needRead MoreSusan Glaspell s The Play Trifles1410 Words   |  6 Pages The play Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a very powerful play that conveys a strong meaning to the audience. The meaning that Susan Glaspell conveys through this play is the importance of women to stick together and rise up against the suppression of their gender. This message can be felt strongly while reading this play. Susan Glaspell does an outstanding job incorporating this message into an interesting, captivating plot. This play was written around the time where woman’s social equality wasRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Play Trifles870 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Susan Glaspell s play Trifles, gender plays a huge roll in everyday life. Trifles is an exemplary example of the war between male and female. It creates a scene where women are less deserving than the men. Women are used as stepping stones or told to remain dedicated to the male power. Females are the lesser creatures compared to the men who have the power. The play paints a scene where women are in compliance to this unwritten code of conduct expected for them. Towards the end of the playRead MoreAnalysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesmultiple themes that a story is trying to convey. In Susan Glaspell s, Trifles, she meticulously incorporates significant symbols that help the reader recognize and construe the depth of the significance of the jar of fruit preserves, quilt, bird, and the bird cage. Things are not always as insignificant as they appear to be, and Glaspell s play is a prime example of how important it is to read between the lines. A central theme in Glaspell s play is gender obedience, displayed seemingly by Mrs

Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Free Essays

C. S. Lewis once said, â€Å"no one ever told me that grief felt so like fear. We will write a custom essay sample on Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night or any similar topic only for you Order Now † In Dylan Thomas’s villanelle, â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night,† written within the Emerging Modernist Period, illustrates a man grieving his old and dying father to rage at death for people should look over their lives and have confidence of having accomplished the defining moments by taking risks and having no fear before death is upon them. Within the first tercet, a young man reacts to the closeness of death with a fighting approach as to rebuke the acceptance of the end. Throughout the poem, the repetition and rhyming of the last words helps to allow the reader to understand the making of a form of writing know as a villanelle. One of the two key phrases within this villanelle, â€Å"do not go gentle into that good night,†(1) occurs several times to emphasize the plea against death the speaker has toward men in old age and the personification â€Å"of Gloucester’s son Edgar† (Cyr) from William Shakespeare’s play King Lear. The diction of â€Å"gentle†(1) is an adjective in place of an adverb making the â€Å"less grammatically correct†(Hochman) â€Å"gentle†(1) an epithet for his father and involving the relationship shared between the two men through their personal background. The second key phrase, â€Å"rage, rage against the dying of the light,†(3) gives insight towards Thomas’s following poem, the â€Å"Elegy,† when the detail of the relationship between a young man, Dylan Thomas, and his father. Furthermore, the metaphor of â€Å"the dying of the light†(3) conveys the history of one of Thomas’s favorite poets, W. B. Yeats and his military background within the phrase â€Å"†Black out†Ã¢â‚¬ (Cyr) helps to clarify that death draws near. Within these two lines, the author uses words such as â€Å"gentle† and â€Å"rage,† â€Å"dying† and â€Å"good,† and â€Å"night† and â€Å"light† as a contradictory term within the diction. Likewise, the alliteration and the consonance of the â€Å"g† in â€Å"go gentle†¦ good†(1) and â€Å"rage, rage against†(3) help to signify as the â€Å"chorus†(Overview: â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night†) within the remainder of the villanelle. Within the next four tercets, the achievements of four different kinds of men in old age neglected to lessen the gloom within their surroundings. â€Å"Wise,†(4) â€Å"good,†(7) â€Å"wild,†(10) and â€Å"grave men†(13) are metaphors for men who have â€Å"failed to enlighten the dark world in which they live. †(Hochman) Thomas uses the metaphors of â€Å"at their end,†(4) â€Å"last wave by,†(7) â€Å"too late,†(11) and â€Å"near death†(13) to stand as the appearance towards death. The imagery within the villanelle, â€Å"words had forked no lightning,†(5) â€Å"danced in a green bay,†(8) and â€Å"caught and sang the sun in flight†¦ they grieved it on its way†(10-11) is that of dark descent towards a â€Å"more dangerous world†¦ of human wildness†(Hochman) which is followed by the diction of â€Å"be gay†(14) as a â€Å"state of lightness†(Hochman) to â€Å"contrast the light and dark imagery. (Overview: â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night†) Within line fourteen, the consonance of â€Å"bl† in â€Å"blind†¦ blaze,†(14) the alliteration of the â€Å"i† sound inside â€Å"blind eyes†¦ like,†(14) and the assonance of the â€Å"z† sound in â€Å"eyes†¦ blaz e like meteors†(14) helps to explain the syntax of the tercet. In addition, Thomas’s purpose of â€Å"grave men,†(13) serious men, who can see but have no vision now understand the capability of possessing a serious and happy life style functions as a paradox for the men â€Å"are blind†(Overview: â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night†) and cannot see yet have a better understanding than a man with sight and this comprehension of sudden enlightenment continues into the final lines of this intimate villanelle. The last quatrain contains a personal request to a young man’s father to show true emotions during the hardship before death comes within the night. Thomas begins the last stanza addressing the audience, his father, which reveals to the reader an â€Å"obliquely drawn persona†(Cyr) of the personal relationship between a sickly father and his caring son. Following, the author uses â€Å"on the sad height†(16) as a metaphor towards death as well as a paradox to enlighten the aspect of life achievements. Thomas’s use of the â€Å"religious overtones†(Welford) in â€Å"on the sad height, curse, bless†(16-17) relates to the imagery in the book of Deuteronomy in the Bible for a â€Å"sad height†(16) is â€Å"sad†(Westphal) sense Moses cannot enter the Promised Land he dies on the summit of Mount Nebo and Joshua, his â€Å"’son,’†(Westphal) grieves at the loss of a â€Å"solid rock in his life. †(Welford) The imagery, â€Å"curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears†(17) stands as a specific plea to the audience to give the speaker the blessing of fearful and uncontrollable tears that he had not done prior and to â€Å"curse†(17) those â€Å"who will be left behind. (Hochman) The devises of the â€Å"s† sound as assonance occurring on line 17, â€Å"curse, bless†¦ fierce tears† allows the rhythm of the poem to continue the elaborate patterns throughout the poem. The final quatrain portrays t he theme of the villanelle that the grieving of man at the sight of his dying father allows the fear of loss or suffering to change any perceptions towards death. How to cite Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night, Papers

Digital Marketing Management Communications -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Digital Marketing Management Communications? Answer: Introduction: Water purification system can be seen as a mean to popularize the social related consciousness of firms in the worldwide countries (Tai Chuang, 2014). Social responsibilities are one of the most happening things in contemporary business. Firms do such activities to further its business by inspiring the perception of customers that are increasingly becoming driven by social related awareness. Social works are like the marketing stunts that firms use to have a competitive edge over its competitors (Tai Chuang, 2014). The main highlights of this report are the digital marketing communication and the promotional plan for the Water Purification Station based in Melbourne Australia. The first part of the reports contains the background information on the topic of concern. It is followed by the research method that shows the usage of primary data collection method with the help of qualitative analysis. This is further followed by the current value analysis and the marketing promotional pl an for the chosen Water Purification Station based in Melbourne. The main aim of this report is to promote the significance of Water Purification Station to the people of Melbourne by citing the betterment of such concept in regards to the improvement of humanitarian and community welfare. Brief explanation of the service or the product: Water is collected from various resources that include but is not limited to by the Rain Water. There are many other sources as well, which means that the generated or the collected water may be contaminated with few elements that can effectively harm the health of common people. Such contaminations are needed to be removed from the collected water of different resources to make it a safe drinking water to a maximum possible level (Awad et al., 2014). Suspended solids, undesirable chemicals, biological and gases contamination are the few such harmful contaminations that are needed to be removed from the drinking water (Awad et al., 2014). According to Baltes (2015), digital marketing promotion of a business may produce a much better impact of it on the target community. Noting the importance of digital marketing from the quoted fact, it can be said that Water Purification Station need such promotional strategy to make a large number of customer aware of it. A concept is an innovative approach towards a better placement of the business related to water purification. Target market: The target market with the digital promotion of the Water Purification Station will be the people those who are residing in the Melbourne cist and in its suburbs areas, traders that do supply the purified drinking water to the market and the online customers who may wish to avail the product of Water Purification Station. A very large population of Melbourne prefer drinking the safest and the healthiest water. In that regard, the target market will be designed based on the geographic and the psychographic segmentation (Kim Lee, 2015). The geographical segmentation will help to cover the people who reside in the city and the suburb areas. On the other hand, the psychographic segmentation will help to influence the people based on their lifestyles, attitudes, personality and the class. Current value brief: The Water Purification Station maintains a high integrity and the quality while providing the safest and the innovative drinking water to the people. As opined by Espejo Dominici (2017), the production cost, the value of the product for the customers and its market values collectively form the value of a product. In the light of the quoted fact, the current value of the Water Purification Station is high as it offers innovative products to customers that also justify the price tagging. Water treatments technologies are now growing rapidly and have hit an estimated $7 billion in 2016 (Tong Elimelech, 2016). It is further expected to touch the figure of $11 billion at the global level by the end of 2020 (Tong Elimelech, 2016). The Water Purification Station" has its competitors as well that includes but are not limited to Water Treatment Service, Water Treatment Australia Pty and Chemtex Speciality Ltd (Radcliffe, 2015). The future prospects for water cleaning services are good. The Water Purification Station just requires being innovative, which will provide a much-needed flexibility with the changing perception of customers and the uncertain legal policies of the local government (Liu et al., 2015). The use of innovation will help it to understand the factors that drive customers while they intend to purchase the drinking water. Moreover, they will also be able to identify the appropriate market segments where it can actually create values with the product line or the service (Liu et al., 2015). Innovation is also required in reducing the water wastage from the water cleaning sites. These are some ways that can help the concept to prove its values to the target customers (Naranjo-Valencia, Jimnez-Jimnez Sanz-Valle, 2016). Data collection methods: Data are collected through two methods that are commonly known as primary data collection method and the secondary data collection method. Primary data can be defined as such data that are not yet published to make it accessible. Secondary data are basically the information that is gathered from the different secondary resources like the books, the journals or the government and the company reports (Palinkas et al., 2015). In order to understand the market more appropriately, the researcher has used both the methods. The researcher has used the interview and a descriptive survey to collect the information. The researcher has also considered the various secondary resources to have a good understanding of the market values of the water purification business. Such resources include the books, the journal articles, government the company reports and the case studies related to water purification. Focus group has also been set to collect primary data. The selected focus groups share common ideas while collecting the primary data. A Case study analysis: Case study analysis can be a very effective mode of collecting the data as such case studies are related to different other organizations that have used the digital marketing to promote the concept of water purification. Such case studies do also help to understand the importance of brand values of organizations, values of the customers and the value proposition (Yazan, 2015). It is one of the methodological approaches that are constructed with the help of qualitative manner. The research team has researched the few case studies to have an in-depth analysis of the subject topic. The researchers have rather focussed on a single event and have conducted a complex analysis in context to the organization. The information has been gathered from various sources. A Descriptive survey: The researcher has used the standard questionnaires to conduct the descriptive survey. The survey has been conducted on those buyers who are very conscious at the time of purchasing the drinking water. Customers are now getting aware of the several health-related benefits, which is why many of them have their concerns about safe drinking water. They also do some research to find the best possible product according to their needs and to select their choice of brand (Thewes et al., 2014). The survey has helped to understand the customer behavior, brand preferences, and the competitor proposition. The survey has been conducted with the 45 randomly selected customers. They were being asked to answer the 12 questions during the survey. The method for selecting the respondents was the simple random sampling. The survey has been analyzed with the help of qualitative research analysis technique. Interviews: Interviews are another very good way to grab a very good in-depth analysis of the subject matter. This is so because it helps to interact with the higher officials like the middle management or the project-in-charge. Moreover, their views have added the list of information, which helps to analyze and compare the collected data from the different resources (Janghorban, Roudsari Taghipour, 2014). The researcher has selected the three of the project representatives of the Water Purification Station. They were interviewed on the 6 open-ended questions to get enhanced information on each of the question. Explaining the current perceived values of customers for Water Purification Station: The value in the market for a product or a service can only define the perceived value of customers in relation to the particular product or the service (Carlson, OCass Ahrholdt, 2015). This can be evaluated based on various factors like finding the difference between the cost of production and the customers perception. Companies with a lesser difference in regards to the product cost and the customer perception will have the better advantage (Carlson, OCass Ahrholdt, 2015). Perceived value can be further understood with the help of two terms the total customer benefit and the total customer cost. Total customer benefit is associated with the economic, functional and the psychographic benefits that customers expect from a product or a service (Carlson, OCass Ahrholdt, 2015). The total customer cost is related to the expectations that they develop in regards to a product or a service (Carlson, OCass Ahrholdt, 2015). The Water Purification Station has shown its utmost effort in satisfying the total customer benefit and the total customer cost. They have tried to attain the total customer benefit by offering the most innovative product or service to present to them the safest drinking water. The proposed digital plan for marketing is one of such examples that have helped to maintain the total customer benefit. On the other hand, they have tried to offer the most affordable and the justifiable pricing to its different products or the services. This means that a high in quality products or services have been offered at the justifiable rates. This clearly proves that the Water Purification Station has so far been successfully maintaining the total customer benefit and the total customer cost. The use of innovative technology to produce the purest the safest of water and the use of online marketing strategies to reach to a wider customer base just show the strategic capability of the Water Purificati on Station. The existing value position of the Water Purification Station: Cash cows: The healthy drinking water has a large market share but may still be termed as a no-growth industry. This is due to a fact that very few customers are serious about healthy drinking water. Most customers may not have the same feeling regarding the importance of having the safest water as they might not be aware of the differences between the unhygienic water and the healthy drinking water (Gito Kumar, 2014). The concept of the Water Purification Station is in an immature stage; however, the organization is making good revenues by distributing water through bottling in the different parts of the city. Stars: It covers the product that belongs to a growing industry and with high market shares (Gito Kumar, 2014). The proposed product or the service may have a better prospect in the nearing future as customers are now getting aware of the harmfulness of unhealthy drinking water from the different media resources like the newspaper articles. Moreover, more such customers will grow in future, which means that the different water purification related products will evolve in the nearing future. Question mark: It defines a low market share in a high growth market (Gito Kumar, 2014). The Water Purification Station needs to invest significantly to enhance its marketing capability as this may help to provide an increased customer base in the future ahead. An increased customer base will also improve its market shares, which is very necessary for a sustainable business. Dogs: It is termed as the marketing sectors that are flat and have products with low market shares (Gito Kumar, 2014). It further means in the in the context of the company that it is important for it to avoid targeting those customers who have less or probably no ideas on the importance of having a healthy drinking water. Product life cycle (PLC): This defines the stages, which a product or a service experience after being launched in the market (Guo, 2014). The first stage of it is the introduction where the product has been planned for a digital marketing promotion by the Water Purification Station. The product is new because of the innovation, which has been planned by the company to present a high in quality drinking water to customers. In the Growth stage, the sales of the products will become faster. The product will probably be able to satisfy its target customers by fulfilling the total customer benefit and the total customer cost. In the maturity stage, the sales of the product will reach its maximum heights. The product will then witness no significant jump in the sales with the consecutive passes of times. Market saturation is bound to happen and will occur for various obvious reasons that also include the demand for a more advanced product in regards to the safety level in drinking water. The decline stage is the last stage where the sale will begin to fall, which means the "Water Purification Station" will have to decide whether to extend with the same product with a fewer of modification or launch a completely new concept. Value positioning canvas: The Water Purification Station can use the value positioning canvas to position the proposed products or the services in a more convincing way to enhance its appeal to the target customer. The positioning can be targeted to the customers based on their geographic and psychographic group of people. The proposed value positioning can be displayed on the official website of the company where the online customers will be able to understand the importance of the product or the service for them. The value positioning can be divided into two segments such as the products or the customers. The products will contain the benefits, features and the experiences. The customer segment will include the needs, wants and the fears. Digital Marketing Plan: To provide innovative products that support improvement of community welfare To attain a 3% market shares with the healthy drinking water To gain at least a 5% of customer base from the target communities To promote the service by with the help of implementing a digital marketing plan Approximate budget: Advertisement resources Expected expenses Website advertisement Domain name $190 Software $250 Testing of the software $290 Advanced customization of the website $148 Social media advertising Twitter $24 (for every month) Instagram $29 Facebook $ 27 (per month) YouTube $46 Online advertising SEO $145 Content writing $180 PPC advertising $134 Total AU$1463 Table 1: Expected budget for digital marketing (Source: created by author) Marketing mix: Product: The proposed product of the digital marketing plan is healthy drinking water in the various forms that are available in the market. The purification station has used innovative technologies to improve the safety level of the drinking water to prove its competency in the market and to have a sustainable business practice. Place: The product will primarily be offered to the people living in Melbourne and its suburb areas. The product will be distributed in different ways that also include approaching the traders that are already in the market through different ways of selling the drinking water to customers. Price: Price range will be kept at the justifiable level to remain competitive as the competitor companies may find this difficult to bring such innovation at the offered price of the Water Purification Station. Promotion: This is very important and will be done in numerous ways like the customization of its official website, online and the social media advertising. The social media advertising will be done on the different platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. Online advertising, on the other hand, will be done with the help of Content writing, SEO and PPC advertising. Brand value analysis: This can be done in four phases. In the first phase, a research will be required on the customer responses (Hanssens Pauwels, 2016). This will help to find whether the different promotional messages used in the digital marketing plan, have received the expected response or else. In the second phase, brand relevancy will be analyzed. This means whether the launched product is relevant to the customer needs (Hanssens Pauwels, 2016). The market performance will help to get an idea of the product's relevance level. In the third phase, the evaluation will be done on the total customer benefit and the total customer cost (Hanssens Pauwels, 2016). This will shed light on the influence that the product has created in the market. The last phase will include a contribution from the management, which will decide on whether to continue with the same product or to bring a slight change to enhance its appeal to the target customer (Hanssens Pauwels, 2016). Competitor analysis: Competitor Products Unique Selling Point (USP) Marketing Chemtex Speciality Ltd Mineral water for drinking packed in bottles Have rich water solution system Provide water in different sizes Distribution channel management Not very active in marketing activities Water Treatment Australia Pty Healthy waters for drinking, packed in bottles as well as in containers Have the largest market share It uses the newspaper marketing strategy Water Treatment service Mineral water for drinking purpose and water purifiers Packaging style Use five different packaging styles Use mainly the online marketing tool Table 2: Competitor analysis (Source: created by author) Conclusion: To conclude, the business prospect with the launch of the product may take a little longer to generate the expected results for the Water Purification Station. This may be for a low rate of awareness regarding the healthy drinking water. However, the future can be expected to be better as the rate of awareness is increasing largely being driven by advertisements covering the harmfulness of unhealthy water on the different platforms such as the newspaper articles. References: Awad, Y. M., Kim, S. C., El-Azeem, S. A. A., Kim, K. H., Kim, K. R., Kim, K., ... Ok, Y. S. (2014). Veterinary antibiotics contamination in water, sediment, and soil near a swine manure composting facility.Environmental earth sciences,71(3), 1433-1440. Baltes, L. P. (2015). Content marketing-the fundamental tool of digital marketing.Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V,8(2), 111. Carlson, J., OCass, A., Ahrholdt, D. (2015). Assessing customers perceived value of the online channel of multichannel retailers: A two country examination.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,27, 90-102. Espejo, R., Dominici, G. (2017). Cybernetics of value cocreation for product development.Systems Research and Behavioral Science,34(1), 24-40. Gito, P., Kumar, C. (2014). Export market? s segmentation performance and marketing of Indian carpet industry: A BCG matrix approach.Pacific Business Review International,6(11), 1-3. Guo, X. (2014). A novel Bass-type model for product life cycle quantification using aggregate market data.International Journal of Production Economics,158, 208-216. Hanssens, D. M., Pauwels, K. H. (2016). Demonstrating the value of marketing.Journal of marketing,80(6), 173-190. Janghorban, R., Roudsari, R. L., Taghipour, A. (2014). Skype interviewing: The new generation of online synchronous interview in qualitative research.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being,9(1), 24152. Kim, K. Y., Lee, B. G. (2015). Marketing insights for mobile advertising and consumer segmentation in the cloud era: AQR hybrid methodology and practices.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,91, 78-92. Liu, Y., Li, H., Peng, G., Lv, B., Zhang, C. (2015). Online purchaser segmentation and promotion strategy selection: evidence from Chinese E-commerce market.Annals of Operations Research,233(1), 263-279. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Sanz-Valle, R. (2016). Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companies.Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologa,48(1), 30-41. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,42(5), 533-544. Radcliffe, J. C. (2015). Water recycling in Australiaduring and after the drought.Environmental Science: Water Research Technology,1(5), 554-562. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117. Thewes, B., Brebach, R., Dzidowska, M., Rhodes, P., Sharpe, L., Butow, P. (2014). Current approaches to managing fear of cancer recurrence; a descriptive survey of psychosocial and clinical health professionals.Psycho?Oncology,23(4), 390-396. Tong, T., Elimelech, M. (2016). The global rise of zero liquid discharge for wastewater management: drivers, technologies, and future directions.Environmental science technology,50(13), 6846-6855. Yazan, B. (2015). Three approaches to case study methods in education: Yin, Merriam, and Stake.The Qualitative Report,20(2), 134-152

The Formation Of The Biblical Canon Essays -

The Formation Of The Biblical Canon The Canon of Biblical Writings For centuries now Christians have claimed to possess the special revelation of an omnipotent, loving Deity who is sovereign over all of His creation. This special revelation is in written form and is what has come to be known as The Bible which consists of two books. The first book is the Hebrew Scriptures, written by prophets in a time that was before Christ, and the second book is the New Testament, which was written by Apostles and disciples of the risen Lord after His ascension. It is well documented that Christians in the context of the early first century were used to viewing a set of writings as being not only authoritative, but divinely inspired. The fact that there were certain books out in the public that were written by followers of Jesus and recognized as being just as authoritative as the Hebrew Scriptures was never under debate. The disagreement between some groups of Christians and Gnostics centered on which exact group of books were divinely inspired and which were no t. The debate also took place over the way we can know for sure what God would have us include in a book of divinely inspired writings. This ultimately led to the formation of the Biblical canon in the next centuries. Some may ask, ?Isn't Jesus really the only thing that we can and should call God's Word and ?Isn't the Bible just a man made collection of writings all centered on the same thing, Jesus Christ This paper summarizes some of the evidences for the Old and New Testament canon's accuracy in choosing God breathed, authoritative writings and then reflects on the wide ranging implications of the process. Old Testament In regards to evidence for the divine authority of the Old Testament, Jesus' words, parables, and actions in the New Testament force one to the conclusion that He viewed the Hebrew Scriptures as being ?of God.? He quotes or alludes to over one hundred and fifty Old Testament passages in the Synoptic Gospels alone. According to another count, Jesus and the New Testament authors quote various parts of the Old Testament Scriptures over two hundred and ninety five times, while never quoting an apocryphal or outside source one time. These quotations of Old Testament sources imply their belief in the divine inspiration of the Hebrew Scriptures. Many times Jesus would precede a statement with the phrase ?So it is written,? or ?Scripture says.? The authority of the Hebrew Scriptures was not ever called into question by Christ or His early followers, it was the belief in the normative status of the law, pertaining to all people for righteousness before God, that was not adhered to. That Jesus held to the Hebrew Scriptures as being authoritative is obvious. What is not obvious is exactly what collection of Hebrew writings was viewed as inspired by God in Jesus' day. Was Jesus' ?Old Testament? different from the one we have in our possession in the twentieth century? Justin Martyr, Origen, Melito of Sardis, Athenasius, Tertullian, Jerome, and Augustine all had different views on what documents were truly inspired by God and should be included in the canonization process, but they still agreed on the most important books of the Hebrew Scriptures. Much of the debate focuses on the books of Esther, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs. Joseph Bonsirven presents a different view in his book Palestinian Judaism in the Time of Jesus Christ, ?As to the canon of Hebrew Scripture, it was firmly fixed by the time of Christ and included all the books of the Hebrew Bible. Although apocryphal books were read and used for edification, they were not considered a part of the collection of books written by prophets and thus of special divine authority.? In the end, there is reason to believe that the church came to recognize the ?right? books. Still, little is known about how and when the Old Testament canon was precisely formed. Did the people of Israel ever canonize their own writings or did the early Church of the first century have to canonize a set of writings for them? It is certain that this formation of Scriptures had

Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs Modal Verbs Modal Verbs By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders when the term â€Å"modal verb† began to be applied to the following helping verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would. Writes the reader: When I was young, no teacher or college professor whose subject was English ever mentioned modal with respect to verbs.   So, whats with the modal stuff?   Modal seems to me to be nothing more than a current trend.   Can you tell whence and when modal sprang into being? Like this reader, I went a very long time before hearing these helping verbs called â€Å"modals.† The first time I heard the term was in graduate school- and I’d taught high school English for several years before going there. The Ngram Viewer shows the existence of â€Å"modal verbs† in printed books as early as 1848, but the term’s use begins to soar in the 1960s. The earliest OED citations for â€Å"modal verbs† in the context of grammar are dated 1933, the year that saw the publication of an influential textbook based on structural linguistics: Language, by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949). The importance of structural linguistics declined in the 1950s and 1960s as Chomsky’s theory of â€Å"generative grammar† displaced it, but the term â€Å"modal verbs† remained popular. Modal verbs are also called modals, modal auxiliary verbs, and modal auxiliaries. These helping verbs are used to show if the speaker believes something is certain, probable or possible (or not). For example: I may be able to travel to Tulsa with you. Must you contradict everything I say? Will my car be ready by this afternoon? Modals are also used to talk about ability, to ask permission, to make a request or an offer, and so on. For example: He could not lift the weight. May I go with my friends to the mall? As for being a â€Å"current trend,† the term may have been a trend in the 1960s, but after half a century, modal verbs are in the day-to-day grammar lexicon to stay. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects36 Poetry TermsHow often is "bimonthly"?

How to Check the Accreditation of Any Online College

How to Check the Accreditation of Any Online College Accreditation is the process by which an institution- in this case, an online college or university- is certified to have met standards set by a board of representatives selected from peer institutions. An accredited degree from a certified school of higher education will be accepted by other schools and organizations as well as by prospective employers. Proper accreditation for an online degree can mean the difference between a degree that gets you a new job and a certificate that isnt worth the paper its printed on. The two kinds of accreditation are â€Å"institutional† and â€Å"specialized,† or â€Å"programmatic.†Ã‚  Institutional accreditation normally is given to the  institution as a whole, though it doesnt mean that all components of the school are of the same quality. Specialized accreditation applies to parts of the school, which may be as large as a college within a university or as small as a curriculum within a discipline. You can check any online schools accreditation status in less than a minute. Heres how to find out if a school is accredited by an agency recognized by the United States Department of Education: Checking United States Department of Education  Accreditation Listings Go to the U.S. Department of Educations (USDE) College Search page. (You also can check the USDEs accreditation database.) Enter  the name of the online school you would like to research. You dont need to enter information in any other field. Then hit search. Youll be shown a school or several schools that match your search criteria. Click on the school youre looking for. The selected schools accreditation information will appear. Make sure this page is about the school youre seeking  by comparing the website, phone number, and address information you see at the top left  with the information you already have. You can view the colleges institutional or specialized accreditation on this page.  Click on the  accrediting agency for more information. In addition to accreditation status, this information includes the accrediting agency, the date the school was originally accredited, the most recent accreditation action, and the next review date. Checking Council for Higher Education  Accreditation  Listings You may also use the Council for Higher Education Accreditations website to search for accredited online institutions. The process is much the same as with the USDE search, though at the CHEA site you must agree to the terms and conditions  before reaching the search field. Also, the CHEA page provides less information than the USDE page. You also can access a chart comparing CHEA and USDE recognition. Accreditation Doesnt Guarantee Success Accreditation doesnt guarantee that credit hours will transfer to another institution nor assure acceptance of graduates by employers. That remains the prerogative of the school or prospective employer. The Department of Education recommends that students take other steps to determine if the institution will meet their goals, including asking other  schools whether your credits will transfer  or asking possible employers if, for example, the institutions courses will count toward a professional license.

The leadership styles and management practices in two real life Essay

The leadership styles and management practices in two real life organisations - Essay Example The leadership styles and management practices in two real life organisations The National Health Service (NHS) is an organization offering healthcare to all English citizens, regarded as the country’s greatest need. Its stakeholders include health professionals, support workers and organisations. Its funding originates from the tax collected from citizens, with the Parliament acting as its watchdog (NHS Direct Web). The NHS Direct is part of UK’s NHS. It is a new, nurse based health advice service that operates within a 4 hour clock system. Health advice are delivered through phone contacts. Its objective is to provide an equal play ground in health services despite time and space, regardless of the background of the nurse. Health software called Clinical Assessment System (CAS) is used for service delivery (NHS Direct Web). According to Webster (2002), provision of healthcare via interactive television will increase efficiency and conveniences in accessing healthcare (p.430). Gann (2002) emphasizes that most people will prefer using the interactive healthcare software more frequently and urgently before reaching the doctors. This will ease pressure on doctors and other healthcare providers. The key issue in this system is how it makes use of technology. The remote non-face-to-face delivery of healthcare creates a favourable environment to its providers. Background of St. Mungo’s St. Mungo’s is a voluntary organisation supporting the homeless. Its objectives are summarized in four words: preventing, alleviating, assisting and influencing the homeless. The organisation offers several services like preventing homelessness, emergency services such as flood stricken areas, and recovery from homelessness. It relies on voluntary funding from donations and service trust from companies. The success of the organisation is evident from innovations and awards it has received since its inception. In the innovation sector, it has managed to initiate life works programme, St. Mungo’s Palliative Care Service and ReVive. It has been shortlisted in awards like the Lodge, Peer Advice Link and Putting Down Roots among others (St. Mungo’s, 2012). Key observations from visits and discussion of the relevance of these observations A) St. Mungos I visited the organization and held some discussions with the management in trying to find out how things are done, an d my mission was very successful. I particularly visited the Department of Health and Recovery and sought audience with Director Peter Cockersell, who was cooperation. He explained to me that the kind of leadership style in the organization is called a recovery approach, which was adopted in 2007. This meant that it had to shift from its traditional power relationships between staff and service users. Currently, the organisation does not consider recovery as an outcome, a method or structure but as a description and a process of change. Recovery is defined as power within an individual, encompassed in a social process. An individual must show commitment and ability to create and lead a satisfying life. Flexibility and creativity are attributes in recovery. Recovery remains as the source of frame work for St. Mungo’s staff and client. Their roles and identities rely on this framework-recovery (Clarke, 2002, p.20). The organisation realised that the former designation of staff, workers and other work title positions created divisions within the society’

How to become a nurse practitioner, what are the prerequisites, how Research Paper

How to become a nurse practitioner, what are the prerequisites, how much money and how long it will take me - Research Paper Example A nurse practitioner is a high level nursing profession so it needs a properly acquired higher education. They can proceed like normal physicians due to the extensive knowledge they have acquired while becoming a nurse practitioner. They give primary care to the patients in hospitals and can diagnose or treat patients as well. The main responsibilities of nurse practitioners are to perform physical tests, prescribe physical therapy, ordering of diagnostic tests and other related errands. The major information which I required about this career is the education needed for being a nurse practitioner. Upon researching about the educational requirements for this career I came to know a lot about the career itself. It is not at all an easy task to become nurse practitioner because plenty of hard work and time is needed to become a good nurse. To become a nurse practitioner a master degree is required but in order to get that, first he or she needs to complete all the prerequisites in orde r to further carry on with the higher education. The prerequisite for master is a bachelors of science in nursing (BSN). The curriculum that BSN follows includes the course of anatomy, physiology, nutrition, microbiology and nursing. BSN completes in four years time just like other degrees. Additionally, the candidate for this program has to be a current license registered nurse. In order to get this license there is a criterion to follow, which varies from state to state. But usually what the candidate requires is the completion of an approved nursing program, passing the exam of National Council Licensure Examination or NCLEX-RN and last but not the least they need to have clinical experience in this field. After completion of degree, the applicants now need to complete Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree from an approved nursing program. The main aim of this degree is to prepare the student for specialty in a specific field and primary care. There are various topics that ar e taught in this program which include pathophysiology, advance nursing practice, ethics and other related courses. A Masters of Science in nursing degree is a minimum requirement for becoming a nurse practitioner. Even though master’s degree is enough in order to get into the profession of nurse practitioner but still most students do opt to get admission in doctoral degree program so that it helps them in increasing their career opportunities and expertise. This doctoral program teaches the students advanced methods of how to take care of the needs of the patients. It also helps them to pursue career in teaching and make difference in the field of teaching as well. The general topics that are taught in this doctoral program are capstone project, leadership, behavior complexity and population health. All these courses are taught to enhance the knowledge of these nurses so that they can use this knowledge to help other people and also to pass on this to their students. Other then the information about the education the next question which is also equally important is that how much time all of this takes. As a bachelors degree in nursing is required for this which is of four years, we can straight away add four years to this time. After this the Masters of Science degree in nursing is required which takes almost two to three years. Now, by simply adding up

Effects of Video Games on Children Essay Example for Free

Effects of Video Games on Children Essay Although video games can increase aggressive behavior, they can improve memory and logistical thinking, as well as teach perseverance. Over the course of the last few decades video games have been integrated into the lives of our children. Video games are very appealing to children of all ages, and even to some adults. There is a variety of video games out there, and they range from educational to very violent. Because of this diverse selection of video games, there is a wide range of positive and negative side effects that these games can have on children. Because a large percentage of our children’s time is spent playing video games, there has been a lot of research in recent years on the positive and negative effects these games have on them. â€Å"Among elementary and middle-school populations, girls play for an average of about 5. 5 hours/week and boys average 13 hours/week,† (Gentile, D. A. 2004). Teenagers also spend a time playing video games. According to Media Analysis Laboratory (1998),†Eighty percent of teens said they played at least occasionally and the average amount of time spent gaming for the sample was 5 hours per week† (para. 19). Video game play has become not only a leisurely pastime for children, but for families also. When parents are not involved in some of their game play the outcome can become a little scary. Children who play video games with their families have a more pro-social attitude compared to their counterparts who play alone. Children who are less social or somewhat anti-social tend to develop aggressive tendancies when spending long hours gaming alone especially when violent video games are involved. Video games have been shown to increase aggressive behavior in some children. Neubert, S. P. (2004) said, â€Å"Individuals high in hostility are more likely to become aggressive when exposed to violent video games. † â€Å"Games in which the only positive outcome is the violent demise of enemies reinforces anti-social behavior. Violent video games desensitize people to aggression,† (Neubert, S. P. , 2004). According to a study done by Douglas A. Gentile. References Media Analysis Laboratory (1998). Video game culture: Leisure and play preferences of B. C. teens. Retrieved from http://www. media-awareness. ca In-Text Citation 1. [Insert the paraphrased material] (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby B. C. , 1998). 2. The Media Analysis Laboratory (1998) website [Insert the paraphrased material]. 3. , [Insert the quotation]† (para. 19).

Baldwins My Dungeon Shook: A Letter to my Nephew Essay -- Baldwin Dun

Baldwin's My Dungeon Shook: A Letter to my Nephew Does the American Dream belong to every one or does it exclude some individuals? The American Dream is a very powerful force that molds America. It has existed for many generations but has it changed over time? The foundation of the Dream tends to stay the same that is the pursuit of happiness, hope, freedom, justice and equality. The concepts within the American Dream should alter to fit the changes of society. The breakthroughs and obstacles that America overcomes should shift the American Dream. Society may see the American Dream as a dangerous power causing them to be scared to challenge the concepts of the traditional American Dream. Will society become dysfunctional if someone challenges the American Dream or will it make our country stronger and more diverse? According to James Baldwin’s â€Å"My Dungeon Shook: A Letter to My Nephew† African Americans cannot obtain their piece of the American Dream. Baldwin wrote a letter to his nephew in hope of guiding him through life. Baldwin had many words of wisdom to share, mostly words provoked by pain and anger. Baldwin wanted to teach his nephew about the cruelty of society. His main point was to teach his nephew not to believe the white man and his words. He wanted to encourage his nephew to succeed in life but not to expect the unassailable. By believing the white man one can not succeed but by knowing where one comes from will lead to success was the foundation of Baldwin’s message (243-246). When reading â€Å"My Dungeon Shook: A Letter to my Nephew†, it was clear that Baldwin was not just writing a letter to his nephew but to society by interacting personal thoughts with public awareness. Although Baldwin’s letter was addressed to his nephew, he intended for society as a whole to be affected by it. â€Å"This innocent country set you down in a getto in which, in fact, it intended that you should parish†(Baldwin 244). This is an innocent country, innocent only because they know not what they do. They discriminate the African American by expecting them to be worthless, by not giving them a chance to prove their credibility. Today African Americans are considered to be disesteemed in society. They are placed in this class before they are even born just like Royalty obtains their class before they are even conceived. We may think that this is a paradox but when d... ...ow by forgiving the people who hurt him and Baldwin is trying to redeem Jesus’ example by forgiving the people who hurt him. Forgiveness is the key that unlocks the chains that embodies mankind. Forgiveness could be thought of as the potion that unites America and brings equality to the redeemed world. Although the American Dream is considered to be the link that binds society, there are some individuals that do not posses link to unit. The African Americans have been struggling for many years to obtain the piece of the American Dream, their place in America. Joseph Kennedy has frustration and anger built up while trying to find his place in America, â€Å"Goddamn it! I was born in this country! My children were born in this country! What the hell does someone have to do to become an American† (qtd. In Harris 369)? If someone challenges the concepts of the American Dream then maybe our country can unite. Do not fear the American Dream, yes it is a powerful force that molds society but each individual controls the power. If one does not believe in the American Dream then the power of the Dream is weakened. Would America unite and become equal if someone challenges the American Dream?

Automobile in Bangladesh Essay

International University Of Bussines Agriculture And Technology. Abstuct: Automobile is the one popular side of engineering. Now-a-days the demand of automobile product is rising high. But automobile is not developed much and it is so rare for our Bangladeshi people. Bangladesh is developing country but here automobile product is not available. And the automobile product price is high for get ride from this problem we have to developing. our automobile side here,I disscuss about problem of developing automobile, Key word: automobile, Introduction: An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportin passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. [3] The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile – with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German inventor Carl Benz. Motorized wagons soon replaced animal-drafted carriages, especially after automobiles became affordable for many people when the Ford Model T was introduced in 1908. The term motorcar has formerly also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems. [4] An automobile platform is a shared set of common design, engineering, and production efforts, as well as major components over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of automobiles, often from different, but related marques. [2] It is practiced in the automotive industry to reduce the costs associated with the development of products by basing those products on a smaller number of platforms. This further allows companies to create distinct models from a design perspective on similar underpinnings. [2] Etymology: The word automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word (autos, â€Å"self†) and the Latin mobilis (â€Å"movable†); meaning a vehicle that moves itself. The loanword was first adopted in English by The New York Times in 1899. [7] The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum (â€Å"wheeled vehicle†), or the Middle English word carre (â€Å"cart†) (from Old North French), in turn these are said to have originated from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic Chariot). [8][9] Description: Definition and benefits: Platform sharing is a product development method where different products and the brand attached share the same components. The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process. [4] The companies gain on reduced procurement cost by taking advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this also limits their ability to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the tangible uniqueness of the product. The companies have to make a trade-off between reducing their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products. [3] A basic definition of a platform in automobiles, from a technical point of view, includes: underbody and suspensions (with axles) — where the underbody is made of front floor, underfloor, engine compartment and frame (reinforcement of underbody). [5] Key mechanical components that define an automobile platform include: * The floorpa, which serves as a foundation for the chassis and other structural and mechanical components * Front and rear axles and the distance between them – wheelbase * Steering mechanism and type of power steering. * Type of front and rear suspensions * Placement and choice of engine and other powertrain components * Ford Ka * Fiat Panda * Fiat 500 * Fiat Uno Vehicle platform-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing technology enables automakers to sharply reduce product development and changeover times, while modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components. [6] Many vendors refer to this as product or vehicle architecture. The concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. [7] The use of a platform strategy provides several benefits:[5] * Greater flexibility between plants (the possibility of transferring production from one plant to another due to standardization), * Cost reduction achieved through using resources on a global scale, * Increased use of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the number of differences), and * Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis. The automobile platform strategy has become important in new product development and in the innovation process. [8] The finished products have to be responsive to market needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while — at the same time — they must be developed and produced at low cost. [5] Adopting such a strategy affects the development process and also has an important impact on an automaker’s organizational structure. [5] A platform strategy also offers advantages for the globalization process of automobile firms. [9] Because the majority of time and money by an automaker is spent on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords manufacturers the ability to cut costs on research and development by spreading the cost of the R&D over several product lines. Manufacturers are then able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers. Additionally, economies of scale are increased, as is return on investment. [2][10] Examples. Originally, a â€Å"platform† was a literally shared chassis from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the Citroen 2CV platform chassis used by the Citroen Ami and Citroen Dyane, and Volkswagen Beetle frame under the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia. Platform sharing has been a common practice since the 1960s when GM used the same platform in the development of the Pontiac LeMans, the Buick Skylark, the Chevrolet Chevelle, and Oldsmobile Cutlass. In the 1980s, Chrysler’s K-cars all wore a badge with the letter, â€Å"K†, to indicate their shared platform. In later stages, the â€Å"K† platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the Corporation’s different models. Fiat Croma| Cadillac BLS| Opel Vectra C| GM used similar strategies with its â€Å"J† platform that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GM’s divisions. Subsequent to that, GM introduced its â€Å"A† bodies for the same four divisions using the same tread width/wheelbase of the â€Å"X† body platform, but with larger body work to make the cars seem larger, and with larger trunk compartments. They were popular through the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a â€Å"J† body model called the Cimarron, a much gussied up version of the other four brands’ platform siblings. A similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the most prolific of GM’s efforts on one platform. Once more, GM’s four lower level divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. 1986 Opel Ascona C| 1988 Pontiac Sunbird| 1988 Cadillac Cimarron| Daewoo Espero|. Japanese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with Honda’s Acura line, Nissan’s Infiniti brand, and Toyota’s Lexus marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the Lexus ES is essentially an upgraded and rebadged Toyota Camry. [11][12][13][14] After Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the Crossfire which was based on the M-B SLK roadster. [15] Other models that share platforms are the European Ford Focus, Mazda 3 and the Volvo S40. [16] Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including headlights, tail lights, and front and rear fascias. Examples also involve differing engines and drivetrains. In some cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, â€Å"same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory†, but the Lexus is marketed with premium coffee in the dealership’s showroom and reduced greens fees at Pebble Beach Golf Links as part of the higher-priced badge. [17] Platform sharing may be less noticeable now, however, it is still very apparent. Vehicle architectures primarily consist of â€Å"under the skin† components, and shared platforms can show up in unusual places, like the Nissan FM platform-mates Nissan 350Z sports car and Infiniti FX SUV. Volkswagen A platform-mates like the Audi TT and Volkswagen Golf also share much of their mechanical components but seem visually entirely different. Volkswagen Group and Toyota have both had much success building many well differentiated vehicles from many marques, from the same platforms. One of the least conspicuous recent examples is the Chevy Trailblazer and Chevy SSR; both use the GMT-360 platform. Opel Astra and Chevy HHR also share a platform yet are visually entirely different. History: One hundred years ago, the first Model T automobile was made. The Model T automobile was not the first car to be built, but it was the first widely affordable mass-produced car. The first Model T was built for sale on October 1, 1908, at a price of about $850. Between 1908 and 1927, a total of 15 million Model Ts were sold. By the 1920s, half of all the cars in America were model Ts. The 1925 Model T touring car cost about $260 at a time when the average annual income in America was $1236. 1 In January 1906, Dr. C. C. Bachman purchased the first automobile to be owned in Waterloo. His car was a 15 horsepower Pope that he purchased at the automobile show in New York City. In July of that same year, H. I. Buttery purchased a 25 horsepower Pope Hartford automobile that he drove from Syracuse to Waterloo. 2 Automobiles, however, had been seen in Waterloo and Seneca County before 1906. John E. Becker in his A History of the Village of Waterloo states that The Automobile Review of August 13, 1904, gave an extended account of LaRoche’s 3,314 non-stop round-trip run between New York City and St. Louis. Included in this account is this paragraph: â€Å"Between Syracuse and Rochester, at Seneca Falls I think it was, I got stuck in the mud and it took me five hours of hard work to dig the machine out and get started again. My hands are covered with blisters from the work! † This incident is said to have happened just west of the village of Seneca Falls and â€Å"illustrates one of the drawbacks to automobiling through the country. † It was also reported just a few years later that the village of Waterloo was â€Å"known from coast to coast† as having some of the worst streets over which automobiles had to pass in crossing the continent. 3 Becker’s History also reports that seventy-six automobiles came through Waterloo on. Association, covering a distance of 4135 miles in sixteen days. The object of the race was to see which make of machines would last the longest and perform the best work as to endurance and keeping in repair. Becker reported that â€Å"Main Street was lined with sightseers who were well repaid for ‘looking. ’ It took the entire afternoon for the passage of the ‘Cars’ through the village. Late in the forenoon came the pilot cars and finely cut strips of paper (called confetti) were thrown from them to mark the route, which through the business section was on the south side of the street. There were about 300 passengers in the whole number, of whom fifteen were ladies. The latter wore the customary veiling, while the men were generally clad in long brown linen dusters with the regulation caps and goggles. †4 According to a 1967 Reveille article written by June Callahan, what is today the Peter Koch car dealership at 221-229 Fall Street in Seneca Falls was the scene of the manufacture of the Iroquois automobile. The Iroquois Type D car was a 35 horsepower touring car, with a 100 inch wheelbase and was sold F. O. B. Seneca Falls for $2,500. The Iroquois Type E was a 40 horsepower, 7 passenger car with 4. 5 by 32 inch tires and platform springs on the rear, with a selling price of $3,000 F. O. B. Seneca Falls. John Kaiser was the President of the Iroquois Motor Car Company between 1903 and 1909. Only thirteen cars were actually built but they were a good car. The small number of vehicles produced was largely because Mr. Kaiser’s approach to building an automobile was considerably different from today’s procedures. He took his technique from the carriage makers—he built his cars to last. He considered a $3,000 automobile to be a very serious investment and he expected his customers to drive his cars for twenty years or more. Because he wanted to build durability into his cars, he inspected and re-inspected every part and he and his employees assembled the entire automobile. In 1909, the company dissolved because of lack of business. Ms. Callahan speculated in her article that â€Å"had Mr. Kaiser thought the same way as Henry Ford, maybe the Iroquois Motor would be a booming industry in Seneca Falls today†¦. †5 In that same article, Callahan reported that â€Å"the streets of Seneca Falls were traveled in the years that followed by many makes that are no longer in production. † These include the American Under-Slung that Norman Gould owned; Fred Fisher owned a Winton; Walter Ward, Sr. owned a Mora; Dr. Horton had an Overland; Charlie Fegley had a Reo; Harry Fredenburg had a Franklin; Paul Perkins, Sr.had a Savon; W. E. Dickey had a Page; and Mrs. Partridge had a Pearce Arrow. The May 30, 1913, issue of the Seneca Falls Reveille noted that people in Seneca Falls had auto fever. There were 89 Model Ts, plus a number of other car makes in the village. In January 1921, there were 2,073 autos and trucks in the county and by September of that same year the number had increased to 2,945. On October 27, 1922, Fred L. Huntington leased a building at Fall and Mynderse Streets for auto sales. 6 Getting an early automobile started,especially once it stalled out, was not an easy task. Virtually everyone knows of the necessity of â€Å"cranking† the motor. Not everyone knows, however, of the â€Å"runaway automobile† incident on September 17, 1917, in Waterloo. Just as the crowd was dispersing from the New York Central Railroad Station after seeing off a largecontingent of Seneca County young men entering the army for war duty, William Redfield’s big Studebaker car became stalled at the main village intersection. When it wouldn’t start, a number of helping hands gave it a push. The car was still in gear and there was no driver in the seat. The runaway car struck another car and then took to the sidewalk where it tore down awnings along the street. In front of Semtner’s tailor shop the car struck and killed H. Eugene Van Buren who was repairing the sidewalk. The auto then struck two little girls and then a tree in front of John C. Shanks’ residence on the corner of Church and Main Streets. The runaway car then bounded across the street and crashed into the house of Edward Conant just east of the Presbyterian Church. Becker summarized the incident with the comment, â€Å"Every part of the auto’s driverless trip down the street was a freak occurrence. †7 If you want to see this wellpreserved 1903 Ford Model A car, you simply have to go to the N. R. Boyce car dealership in Ovid. They have had this car on display since about 1949. To clarify why it is called a 1903 Ford Model A, early Ford cars were simply lettered model A, then model B, etc. until the Model T proved so popular that Ford kept producing that Model T for severa years. Then Ford went back to producing a new Model A. As the picture at right shows, the 1903 Ford Model A was chain-driven. The car often had the problem of mud, etc. clogging up the operation. 8 As automobiles were increasing in number, our villages were changing as well. Waterloo, for example, erected its first street signs in late 1910. 9 In June 1913, a five year contract was made with Central New York and Electric Co, providing for all night street lighting in Waterloo. This lighting consisted of five ornamental cluster lamps of 60 candlepower each to be placed on each side of Main Street, 100 feet apart. 10 Also in 1913, the village of Waterloo designated street numbers for houses and business places so that free postal delivery could be instituted in the village of Waterloo on September 1, 1913. 11 The Waterloo village board on May 6, 1914,resolved to have East Main, Washington, and River Streets, paved as part of the new state. Highway Law, by which the state, the county, the village and adjoining property owners would pay for the improvement. 12 The rapid increase in the number of automobiles led to the development of many autorelated businesses such as gas stations and tourist cabins. One of the most interesting examples in Seneca County was the Windmill Tourist Camp just west of Seneca Falls. The windmill itself was built in 1929. The Camp had a total of 15 cabins, as many as nine gas pumps, and a restaurant and gift shop. It should also be noted that the rise of the automobile helps to explain the demise of streetcars and railroads in our county and nationwide. 13 In 2007 there were 28,143 registered automobiles in Seneca County for a population of about 33,000, and a total of 24,758 driver’s licenses. 14 Seeing areally old car like a Tin Lizzie while driving along on a highway today promptsstrong reaction and for good reason. Maybe it’s simply because cars today arejust so different in appearance from those old cars. Or perhaps those old cars give us pause to think nostalgically of a time when life itself and the very pace of life were so different. Automobile Industry Automobile industry is a symbol of technical marvel by human kind. Being one of the fastest growing sectors in the world its dynamic growth phases are explained by nature of competition, product life cycle and consumer demand. Today, the global automobile industry is concerned with consumer demands for styling, safety, and comfort; and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency. The industry is at the crossroads with global mergers and relocation of production centers to emerging developing economies. Due to its deep forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, the automobile industry is having a strong multiplier effect on the growth of a country and hence is capable of being the driver of economic growth. It plays a major catalytic role in developing transport sector in one hand and help industrial sector on the other to grow faster and thereby generate a significant employment opportunities. Also as many countries are opening the land border for trade and developing international road links, the contribution of automobile sector in increasing exports and imports will be significantly high. As automobile industry is becoming more and more standardized, the level of competition is increasing and production base of most of auto-giant companies are being shifted from the developed countries to developing countries to take the advantage of low cost of production. Thus, many developing countries are making serious efforts to grab these opportunities which include many Asian countries such as Thailand, China, India and Indonesia. The rising competition and increasing global trade are the major factors in improving the global distribution system and has forced many auto-giants such as General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, and Daimler Chrysler, to shift their production bases in different developing countries which help them operate efficiently in a globally competitive marketplace. During the second half of the 1990’s, the globalization of the automotive industry has greatly accelerated due to the construction of important overseas facilities and establishment of mergers between giant multinational automobile manufacturers. Over the years, it is being observed that Asia is emerging as a global automotive hub. Exports of automobiles including components from Asia are also increasing by leaps and bounds. Asia has become the major consumer as well as supplier of automobiles. At this juncture, the study makes an attempt to evaluate the growth pattern, changes in ownership structures, trade pattern, role of government etc. in automobile sector of selected Asian countries (viz. China, India, Indonesia and Thailand). The objective of the study is to understand the dynamics of Indian automobile sector in comparison to the same sector in other selected Asian countries. Thailand is a major auto exporting country from Asia. The sector is mainly driven by Japanese FDI. Chinese automobile sector is growing very fast and is poised to make its dent in the internationalhand is consolidating its position with strong domestic and external demand. The Indonesian automotive industry is essentially an assembly industry, dominated by the major Japanese car manufacturers is also coming up in post-liberalization period and increasing its exports. Japan and Korea Rep already have developed automobile industry. Hence, comparison with these two countries may not be worthwhile. Selected four are developing countries and making an effort to develop the automobile sector through different paths. The paper will compare the alternative strategies for the growth of automobile industry in these selected countries The production of automobiles in volume began in the early 1890s, in Western Europe. The USA started the production of both electric and gas automobiles by 1896. In 1903, Ford stepped in. The price of cars reduced from USD 850 in 1908 to USD 360 in 1916. The great depression and the World Wars saw a drop in sale; but the 1950s and 1960s were the glorious era for automobiles (driven by Ford, GM and Chrysler). Production reached 11 million units in 1970. Industry specialists indicate that international business in the automobile industry dates back to the technology transfer of Ford Motor Company’s mass-production model from the U. S. to Western Europe and Japan following both World Wars I and II. This gives rise to two important trends. The first one is that, the advancements in industrialization led to significant increase in the growth and production of the Japanese and German automotive markets. The second important trend was that due to the oil embargo from 1973 to 1974, the export of fuel efficient cars from Japan to the U. S. Earlier due to low fuel prices, US was producing ‘muscle cars’ but after the oil price shocks US had to compete with Europe and Japan who succeeded in producing fuel efficient cars. For the first time, design, marketing, prices, customer satisfaction etc become important in the automobile market. By 1982, Japan became the world leader in US market. The potential growth opportunities led to global overcapacity in automobile industry. 1990s observed the merger and acquisition (M&A) and formation of strategic alliances to tackle this overcapacity problem. Increasing global trade also act as a major factor for rising growth in world commercial distribution systems, which has also increased the global competition amongst the automobile manufacturers. Japanese automakers have instituted innovative production methods by modifying the U. S. manufacturing model. They are also capableof adapting and utilizing technology to enhance production and increase product competition. There are three major trends of world automotive industry, which are discussed briefly bellow: Global Market Dynamics – The world’s leading automobile manufacturers continue to invest into production facilities in emerging markets in order to reduce production costs and therefore rise in profits. These emerging markets include Latin America, China, Malaysia and other markets in Southeast Asia. Establishment of Global Alliances – Now-a-days, there is trend of joint venture in global automotive industry. Most of the giant automobile manufacturers are merging with each others. The big three U. S. automakers (GM, Ford and Chrysler) have merged with, and in some cases established commercial strategic partnerships with other European and Japanese automobile manufacturers. The Chrysler Daimler-Benz merger, were initiated by the European automaker in order to strengthen its position in the U. S. market. Overall, there has been a trend by the world automakers to expand by merging with other giant automotive companies in overseas markets*. Industry Consolidation – Increasing global competition amongst the global manufacturers and positioning within foreign markets has divided the world’s automakers into three groups, the first group being GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen, and the two remaining group manufacturers attempting to consolidate or merge with other lower group automakers to compete with the first group companies† . Diagram1 provides a snapshot view of this. World automotive industry, in its early stages of development, was concentrated mainly in hands of developed countries like U. S. , Japan etc. But as automobile industry become more and more standardized, the production base of most of auto-giant companies was shifted from the developed countries to developing countries. Standardization makes production more profitable in developing countries due to low cost of labor. That’s why countries like Thailand, China today are the main production base for many multinational automobile companies, and that explain why this study is concentrated only on selected countries in Asia. Table 1 below compares basic features of automobile industry in three major markets in the world. Table 1: Comparison of Basic Features in Three Major Automobile Market Characteristics| US Market| European Market| East and South East AsianMarket| Contribution to| Motor vehicle| The automotive industry represents| In Japan industry represents 13 %| Economy| Organisational andtechnological changeis the keycharacteristics of theUS industry. Of late,steps are taken toincrease its globalpresence byexpanding globalalliances and seekinggreater collaborationwith other U. S. automakers. Productivity is morethan EU but less thanJapan. | The European automotive market iscomprised of a concentrated andsophisticated global network, whichincludes joint-ventures,cooperatives, productions andassembly sites. Like USA, overcapacity, intense competition andinvestment for technology aregeneral features. The industry isdriven by MNCs mainly located inWestern Europe. However, thegrowing production is noted in theCzech Republic, Hungary, Poland,Slovenia, Slovakia and Turkey. | East Asian market is mainly drivenby Japanese FDI. Apart from this,state sponsored initiatives areobserved in Korea Rep. , China, etc. These countries are making attemptto develop indigenous auto-industrybase. Others are driven by MNCs. Profitability in the industry isrelatively more than EU| Market Share| Ford, GM andChrysler makeupapproximately 76 %of U. S. passengervehicle production,while Japaneseautomakers, Toyota,Honda, Nissan,Mitsubishi, Subaru,Isuzu represents 18%, and Europeanautomakers, BMWand Mercedes(division of Daimler-Chrysler) make upnearly 2%. | The EU’s largest automotiveproducer is Germany estimated at30 % of EU’s total production,followed by France at 19 % andSpain at 17 %, and the UnitedKingdom at 10 %The largest automakers producingmultiple brands, such as GeneralMotors, Ford, Daimler Chrysler,Volkswagen, Fiat and PeugeotCitroen. There are also independentautomakers, such as Porsche, BMWand Bertione. | In Japan Toyota, Honda, Nissan,Mazda etc dominate the market. InKorea Rep, Hyundai acquired Kiaand Asia Motors in 1999, and sold10 % of its equity toDaimlerChrysler in 2000; Daewoopurchased 52 % equity in Ssanyongin 1998; and GM purchased 42 %equity of Daewoo; and in 2000,French automaker Renaultpurchased Samsung Motors. InASEAN region, Toyota, Hyundai,Suzuki, GM are major players. | Demand Pattern(Domestic andexport)| The US producersmainly produce fordomestic market andto some extent forCanadian market. Canada is the largestmarket for U. S. vehicle exports withsubsidiaries of U. S. automakersaccounting for mostof the imports. TheUS big Threecontinues to invest inCanadian market. | Consumer demand is the drivingforce for industry in EU. Moremodels, shorter life-cycle is the keyof demand pattern which is similar toUSA. New EU members show anincreasing demand and manyCompanies shifting some of theirproduction base to these countries. EU is gaining through exporting highvalue services such as design andengineering. Europe’s bus and truck market isstronger than Asia dominated byplayers like Volvo, Scania andMercedes. | Asian market is growing relativelyslowly but steadily in post-financialcrisis period. Asia’s three coremarkets are Japan, Korea andChina. South East Asian marketsare also growing rapidly. Thecompound average growth rate inASEAN countries is expected to bein the order of 10 to 20 percent until2010; 10 percent in India; and only4 percent to 8 percent in PRC;Korea; or Taiwan ,China. In 2010,Japan’s demand will be around 1/3rdof total East and SE Asian demand. Korea, Thailand play major part inexporting vehicles. AFTA isexpected to increase the regional| | | | export market. | Restructuring Status of Automobile Industry in 2000: Economics of Automobile Industry: Today’s global automotive industry is full of opportunities and risks which are everywhere — in emerging and mature markets alike. However, profitable growth is becoming more difficult to achieve due to challenges prevailed from the supply chain to the retail environment. Currently, the automotive industry has too much of everything — too much capacity, too many competitors and too much redundancy and overlap. The industry is in the grips of a global price-war. Production: Today, the large car manufacturers has a production facility in the different markets and from each platform a car is produced for that market as well as for exports to other markets. Big players in automobile industry do not have just one big factory which exports its products to all other countries. In addition, the products are not identical in each different market. It may have the same technical platform, but the design and the options and features differ between countries. They are different because the demands of customers differ between countries. For example, in South America, incomes are lower than in Western Europe and customers need more affordable cars. In the USA the customers want more space in the car, and that’s an important factor for a car to be successful there. On the contrary, small cars are quite popular in India. It is not possible to be in the high volume market and to send the same cars to every market all over the world. So car makers are researching what their customers want and changing the car for each market otherwise they will loose customers. More and more CKD (completely knocked down) cars are being produced for some countries in smaller volumes. That is often the case if there are barriers to exporting cars to particular countries, and they are only being sold in smaller volumes. With larger markets, where sales of particular models are high, companies really need their own plant which has its own suppliers of parts. Due to sharp competition and changing customer demand, product development process advances have been more significant than changes in product architecture. Product cycles continue to grow shorter as more companies adopt the simultaneous engineering approach pioneered by Japanese automakers†¡. At the same time, advances in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools are being used to replace physical prototypes and testing processes. Now, major players (in post M&A situation) take greater responsibility for product design and allow production base to get shifted to advantageous location for low cost. However, still due to lack of standardization, number of tiers at the supply chain is not reduced. Moreover, when design is replicated with modification for physical product development, several domestic issues need to be taken into consideration. These are mainly legal liability, and regulatory procedures. Furthermore, there is a technological move towards modules, i. e. self-contained functional units with standardized interfaces that can serve as building blocks for a variety of differen.

What Are the Advantages of Jpepa?

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV – A CALABARZON Division of Laguna District of Liliw LILIW CENTRAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Liliw SUMMATIVE TEST IN SCIENCE VI I. Write the letter of the correct answer. _____1. Why plants called producers? They _____________. a. Consume food b. Make their own food c. Provide food for other organisms d. All of the above ______ 2. Why animals called consumers? They ______________. a. Do not eat plants b. Produce their own food c. Depend on other plants food d. Depend on plants for protection ______ 3.Which of the following can cause dead plants and animals to decay and turn into useful substances? a. Mosses b. Producers c. Consumers d. Decomposers ______ 4. Which of these materials is NOT needed during photosynthesis? a. Carbon dioxide b. Water c. Sunlight d. Oxygen _______ 5. The transfer of food energy from the producers to a series of consumer is called a. Food web b. Food chain c. Food cycle d. All of the above ________ 6. Plant gives off______ which animals and human beings breathe in order to live. a. Carbon dioxide b. Oxygen c. Carbon monoxide d. Hydrogen ________ 7.What activity can disturb the carbon dioxide oxygen cycle in an aquarium? a. Placing enough amount of water. b. Placing equal amount of plants and fishes. c. Putting too many fishes with small amount of plants. d. Placing the aquarium in a place where there is enough sunlight. ________ 8. Which is the correct sequence of organisms in a food chain? a. Rice grain chick hawk decomposers b. Chick hawk rice grains decomposers c. Hawk rice grains decomposers chicks d. Rice grains decomposers chick hawk ________ 9.What does a food web show? It shows a. A series of food links b. The role of the consumers c. A series of eating activities d. An interlink among food chain ________ 10. What is the role of producers in a food chain? a. They make their own food. b. They feed primary consumers. c. They replace nutrients in the soil. d. They provide oxygen in the air. ________ 11. Photosynthesis is performed by a. Herbivores b. Producers c. Primary consumers d. decomposers _________ 12. The role or profession of an organism in an ecosystem is its a. Habitat b. Consumption c. Ecological niche d. Production _________13.What happens in a food chain? a. Energy is lost to the air. b. Energy is transferred from producer to consumer. c. Energy is transferred from consumer to producer. d. Energy is increased from consumer to another consumer. _________14. Why are decomposers important? a. They break down complex wastes into simple materials. b. They provide carbon dioxide and oxygen to the soil. c. They deplete the soil of nitrogen and other minerals. d. They make the soil dry. _________15. What is transferred in a food web? a. Parasites b. Predators c. Energy d. Water II. Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer from the list below. 6. Plants are called_______________________ because they manufacture their own food. 17. _______________ ___ shows the path way of food from producers to a series of consumers. 18. When several food chains are interwoven and taking place in a particular community, a ___________________ results. 19. The chemical energy of food taken from the plants is trans fomed in the bodies of ______________________. 20. The_____________ is the main source of energy for all living things. ———————– Consumer Producers Sun Food Chain Food Web

Mercury Effect on Seed Germination Essays

Mercury Effect on Seed Germination Essays Mercury Effect on Seed Germination Essay Mercury Effect on Seed Germination Essay MERCURY EFFECT ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF Capsicum annuum SEEDS NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN Final Year Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management In the Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology Universiti Teknologi MARA JULY 2012 DECLARATION This Final Year Project is a partial fulfilment of the requirements for a degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is entirely my own work and has not been submitted to any other University or higher education institution, or for any other academic award in this University. Where use has been made of the work of other people it has been fully acknowledged and fully referenced. I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the Universiti Teknologi MARA (â€Å"UiTM†), which henceforth shall be the owner of copyright in this Work and that, any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without a written consent of UiTM. Candidate’s signature: Date: NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN Name: I hereby declare that I have checked this project and in my opinion, this project is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA. Signature:  DR. TSAN FUI YING Name of Supervisor:   SENIOR LECTURER Position: Date: ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulliah and praise be to Allah for the guidance and blessing, I was able to complete this final year project. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Tsan Fui Ying, for her guidance, advice, encouragement, good criticisms and also for he r patience in guiding me throughout final year project. My special thanks from the bottom of my heart go to my parent s and my siblings for their understanding and support during my study in UiTM. Lastly, I would also like to express my special thanks to all my friends who were directly or indirectly involved in giving their ideas, advice, criticism, and moral support throughout the project. Thank you very much. NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Of Capsicum annuum 1. 2 Value Of Capsicum annuum 1. 3 Background of the heavy metal 1. 4 Seed germination and growth 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 Problem Statement Objective Of Study Significance Of Study Scope Of Study LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Source of heavy metal 2. 2 Inhibition of seed germination Environmental effect 2. 3 7 9 12 3 MATERIAL AND METHOD 3. 1 Location of study 3. 2 Test Material 3. 3 Experimental Procedure 3. 4 Data collection 3. 5 Experimental design 3. 6 Statistical analysis 3. 7 Work schedule RESULTS AND DISCUSSION   CONCLUSION   CITED REFERENCES APPENDICES CURRICULUM VITAE iv LIST OF FIGURES Germination of C. annuum seeds after treatment with HgCl2 17 4. 2 Seed germination at the 10th day with HgCl2 treatment at 25mg/l 18 v LIST OF TABLES Table Caption 1. 1 Raw chili peppers (C. annum), nutrient value per 100 g 3. 1 Work schedule for the study on germination and growth of C. nnuum after application of HgCl2 at various concentrations Germination and growth of C. annuum after treatment withHgCl2 4. 1 Page vi 3 16 18 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UiTM Universiti Teknologi MARA Hg Mercury HgCl2 Mercury chloride mg/l milligram per liter cm Centimeter vii ABSTRACT Mercury Effect on Germination and Growth of Capsicum annuum Seeds A study was carried out to determine the germination and growth of Capsicum annuum after application of mercury chloride (HgCl2) at various concentrations. This study was conducted at Laboratory A603, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam. A total of 600 C. annuum seeds were used in this study. A total of 5 different concentration s of HgCl2 (0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l) were applied in this study. The treatments were carried out by means of applying the chemical to the seeds on paper towel in Petri dishes. The application volume was 2 ml per Petri dish at alternate days unless the paper towel was still moist with the previous application of solution. The data in terms of seed germination and growth, included length of radical and plumule, were recorded. This study was based on Complete Randominized Design (CRD) with 5 replicates for each treatment. All the data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were compared using Tukey’s Simultaneous Test. The germination and growth of C. annuum was significantly affected by the concentration of the heavy metal under study, especially with concentration ? 50 mg/l. Radical growth was found more sensitive to the presence and concentration of HgCl 2 as compared to plumule with this fruit vegetable species. viii ABSTRAK Kesan Merkuri terhadap Percambahan dan Pertumbuhan Biji Benih Capsicum annuum Satu kajian telah dijalankan untuk menentukan percambahan dan pertumbuhan biji benih Capsicum annuum selepas aplikasi merkuri klorida (HgCl2) pada kepekatan yang berbeza. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di Makmal A603, Fakulti Perladangan dan Agroteknologi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam. Sebayak 600 biji benih telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Sebanyak 5 kepekatan HgCl2 (0 (kawalan), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l) telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Rawatan ke atas biji benih adalah dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pada biji benih yang diletakkan di atas tuala kertas dalam piring Petri. Isipadu aplikasi ialah 2 ml bagi setiap piring Petri dan rawatan diulang pada selang 2 hari kecuali tuala kertas masih lembap dengan larutan sebelumnya. Data mengenai percambahan biji benih dan pertumbuhan, termasuk panjang akar dan pucuk, dicatatkan. Kajian ini dijalankan berdasarkan Rekabentuk Rambang Lengkap (CRD) dengan 5 kali pengulangan bagi setiap rawatan. Semua data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan purata rawatan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan Tukey’s Simultaneous Test. Percambahan dan pertumbuhan C. annuum dipengaruhi dengan ketaranya oleh kepekatan logam berat yang dikaji, terutamanya pada kepekatan ? 0 mg/l. Pertumbuhan akar didapati lebih sensitif kepada kehadiran dan kepekatan HgCl2 berbanding dengan pucuk untuk spesis sayuran buah ini. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of Capsicum Capsicum annuum is a member of the family Solanaceae and a class of Dicotyledons. It is commonly known as Chili. Capsicum contains high amount of nutritive value such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), A, B-complex and E along with minerals like molybdenum, manganese, folate, potassium and thiamine. Capsicum contains seven times more vitamin C than orange (Simone et al. , 1997). Capsicum terminology is quite confusing, the terminology is synonymously used for â€Å"chilli pepper† plants called such as pepper, chili, chile, chilli, aji, paprika and Capsicum. There are thought to be 25-30 Capsicum species with five different names, such as C. annuum L. , C. frustescens Mill. , C. baccatum L. , C. chinense and C. pubescens Ruiz and Pavon, which have been domesticated and currently cultivated (Csillery, 2006). Capsicum is the most widespread and widely cultivated species in subtropics and temperate countries (Belletti et al. , 1998). The scientific classification of C. nnuum is as below: 1 Kingdom : Plantae – Plants Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass : Asteridae Order : Solanales Family : Solanaceae – Potato family Genus : Capsicum L. – Pepper Species : Capsicum annuum L. – cayenne pepper Although the species name annuum means â€Å"annual† (from Latin annus â€Å"year†), the plant is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts, it can survive several seasons and grow into large perennial shrub. The si ngle flowers are of off-white (sometimes purplish) color while the stem is densely branched and the plant can grow up to 60 centimeter tall. The fruit is berry which may be green, yellow and red when ripe. While the species can tolerate most climates, C. annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates (Anonymous, 2012 b). 1. 2 Value of capsicum Capsicums have their own benefits and values to human beings. As we know, capsicums are used in cooking and also as medicines. Capsicum is an indispensable spice used as basic ingredient in a great variety of cuisine all over the world. It is also used as flavoring, colorant and adds tang and taste to the otherwise insipid food. Moreover, Capsicum species are employed whole 2 r ground and alone or in combination with other flavorings agents, primarily in the pickles, stewed or barbeques (Ravishankar et al. , 2003). Table 1. 1: Raw chili peppers (C. annum), nutrient value per 100 g Principle Nutrient Value Percentage of RDA Energy 40 Kcal 2% Carbohydrates 8. 81 g 7% Protein 1. 87 g 3% Total Fat 0. 44 g 2% Cholesterol 0 mg 0% Dietary Fiber 1. 5 g 3% Vitamins Folates 23 mcg 6% Niacin 1. 244 mg 8% Pantothenic acid 0. 201 mg 4% Pyridoxine 0. 506 mg 39% Riboflavin 0. 086 mg 6. 5% Thiamin 0. 72 mg 6% Vitamin A 952 IU 32% Vitamin C 143. 7 mg 240% Vitamin E 0. 69 mg 4. % Vitamin K 14 mcg 11. 5% Electrolytes Sodium 9 mg 0. 5% Potassium 322 mg 7% Minerals Calcium 14 mg 1. 5 % Copper 0. 129 mg 14% Iron 1. 03 mg 13% Magnesium 23 mg 6% Manganese 0. 187 mg 8% Phosphorus 43 mg 6% Selenium 0. 5 mcg 1% Zinc 0. 26 mg 2% Phyto-nutrients Carotene-? 534 mcg -Carotene-? 36 mcg -Cryptoxanthin-? 40 mcg -Lutein-zeaxanthin 709 mcg -Source: USDA National Nutrient data base (Anonymous, 2012a) 3 1. 3 Background of heavy metal According to Thomine et al. (2000), metals such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are necessary as co-factors for many enzymatic reactions. Some metals, such as zinc (Zn), play important structural roles in proteins. Furthermore, metal cations have recently been shown to be involved in signaling in animals and plants. According to Ghavri and Singh (2010) in terms of stabilizing contaminated sites, a lower metal concentration in stem is preferred in order to prevent metal from entering into ecosystem. However, plants also need to control against excessive accumulation of essential cations and toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd2+), lead, mercury, and arsenic. When taken up in excessive quantities, these elements are transferred in the food chain where they may have adverse effects on the health of humans and animals. Heavy metals can enter the food chain via plant uptake (Chayed, 2009). According to Mami (2011) from Guilan University, Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran, heavy metals have recently received the attention of researchers all over the world, mainly due to also their harmful effect on plant. 1. 4 Seed germination and growth According to the seed physiologists, germination is defined as the emergence of the radical through the seed coat. Basic requirements for germination include water, gases, temperature and moisture availability. 4 According to Vera et al. (2010), exposure to heat and to low pH promotes germination and reduces time to germinate, which indicates that germination is related to passage of fire and to soil pH. Germination is also correlated with wet and cold conditions and dormancy can be classified as being the physiological type. In addition, it well known that temperature, light conditions, nitrates or hormonal treatment may also affect germination. In an experiment conducted by Koger et al. 2004), Caperonia palustris seeds from naturally dehisced with predominant dark gray color were exposed to pre chilling in attempts to break any dormancy mechanism imposed on seed kept at room temperature. Results showed that pre chilling did not release dormancy. Seed germinated with fluctuating 12-h light/dark and constant dark conditions. Seed germination test using buffer solutions of pH 4 to 10 recorded germination of 31 to 62% over a pH range from 4 to 10. Heavy metals may also affect seed germination, mainly believed to be attributed to toxicity effects. They can be hazardous because they cannot be estroyed or despoiled but they are bioaccumulated. 1. 5 Problem statement Capsicum annuum is a kind of fruit vegetable most commonly consumed and its production is of concerned. Like other crops, Capsicum needs to control against excessive accumulation of essential cations and toxic heavy metals for seed development and production. The heavy metals may cause a negative effect to the seed germination and growth. 1. 6 Objective of study The experiment was conducted by considering the objectives of study as below: 1. To determine the mercury effect on germination of C. nnuum seeds. 2. To identify the mercury effect on subsequent initial seedling growth of C. annuum after seed germination. 1. 7 Significance of study This study is important to observe and determine the mercury effect on germination and growth of C. annuum seeds. The result from this study is hoped to provide information on germination and growth of C. annuum seeds as affected by mercury concentration in soil, e. g. ex-mining soils. 1. 8 Scope of Study The experiment conducted to identify the concentration of mercury that may affect germination and growth of C. nnuum seeds involved the seed extraction from fruits, seed treatment with mercury chloride (HgCl2), seed germination recording, measurement of length of radical and plumule, data analysis and report writing. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Source of heavy metal There are many sources of heavy metals in soil including natural sources e. g. soil parent material, volcanic eruptions, marine aerosols, and forest fires; agricultural sources e. g. fertilizers, sewage sludge, pesticides and irrigation water; energy and fuel production sources e. g. emissions from power stations; mining and smelting e. . tailing, smelting, refining and transportation (Reichman, 2002). It is generally accepted that heavy metal contamination can not only result in adverse effects on various parameters relating to plant quality and yield, but also cause changes in the size, composition and activity of the soil microbial community (Giller et al. , 1998). Heavy metals might accumulate in the food chains, with risks for the health of animals and humans, which are less sensitive to metal toxicity than plants, but they are capable of concentrating heavy metal in certain tissues and organs (Peralta et al. 2001). The influence of metals on development and reproduction of plan ts can be firstly quantified by determining the germination traits of seeds and growth performance of seedling. In the presence of high concentrations of some heavy metals, most plant species performe the reduction of seed germination and seedling growth (Patra and Sharma, 2000). 7 The high metal contents suggest the potential for heavy metal accumulation and phytotoxicity for crops grown in soils receiving the metal enriched sewage sludge. Hence, it will limit its application on land, because of the stringent regulations for land application of heavy metals i n the form of sewage (Wong et al. , 2001). The high heavy metal contents might pose a toxic effect to plants and cause heavy metal accumulation in plant tissues (Wong et al. , 2001). Many of those who performed short-term laboratory studies also discuss ed their results in relation to existing regulations for heavy metals in soils, or the possible effect of the agricultural use of metal-contaminated products such as sewage sludge, animal manures and fungicides (Giller et al. 1998). The distribution of heavy metals in the organs of plants is not homogenous; it depends on the species and the element (Kozanecka et al. , 2002). The application of cow dung in wasteland soil not only provided nutrients for plant growth, but also stabilized the metal in the soil and reduced metal toxicity to the plant (Ghavri and Singh, 2010). According to Longman (2006), mercury is a he avy silver white poisonous metal that is liquid at ordinary temperature and it is a chemical element symbol is Hg. It is a pervasive pollutant that accumulates in organisms and is highly toxic. Elemental mercury is efficiently transported as a gas around the 8 globe, and even remote areas show evidence of mercury pollution originating from industrial sources such as power plants (Morel et al. , 1998). Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that is of significant concern as an environmental pollutant since mercury is not very phototoxic in normally occurring concentrations. In polluted regions, mercury is a non -degradable toxic heavy metal pollutant when it is accumulated by plants. The information is scare about its uptake mechanism and growth inhibition. There are a wide range of sources that emit mercury to the atmosphere. Approximately half of the atmospheric budget of vapor-phase mercury is attributed to anthropogenic sources and half to natural source (Nriagu, 1989) The accumulation of mercury in terrestrial plants increases with increasing soil mercury concentration. Soil type has considerable influence on this process, i. e. high organic matter content will decrease uptake. Generally, the highest concentrations of mercury are found at the roots, but translocation to other organs occurs. In contrast to higher plants, mosses are known to take up mercury via atmospheric deposition (Boening, 2000). The characterization of mercury uptake showed that mercury binding is dependent on initial pH, agitation speed, amount of dosage and also the interaction between pH and contact time (Ling, 2010). 2. 2 Inhibition of seed germination According to Longman (2006), seed is a small, hard object produced by plants, from which a new plant of the same kind grows. Poor quality seeds suffer from following problems of low germination percentage, poor 9 emergence, poor survival, and poor adaptability to site, susceptible to disease and pests, poor growth, and low productivity (Anonymous, 2011a). The characteristics of good seeds are well ripened, healthy and true to type, pure and free from inert materials and weed seeds, viable and have good germination capacity, uniform in its texture, structure and appearance, and free from damage and should not be broken and inflected by pests and diseases (Anonymous, 2011a). Seed germination is defined as the emergence and development from seed embryo of those essential structures, which are indicative of the ability of seed to produce a normal plant under favorable conditions (Anonymous, 2011a). Seeds need to be handled carefully to avoid damage to the embryo. Rough handling at threshing time can result in a lower percentage of germination. Actual tests are made at intervals to insure a good percentage of germination. Many seeds will germinate in a week or two or three weeks, but some seeds may take weeks or even years until barriers to germination are removed (Butterfield, 1967). Although seeds are rather similar in structure and in the same taxonomic family, their germination patterns are quite different (McDonald, 2011). Seeds exist in a state of dormancy, absorbing oxygen, giving off carbon dioxide, and slowly using up their stored food reserves during germination (Rindels, 1996). Every viable seed has the potential to become a plant. For this to happen, the seed must germinate, and for germination to occur, a seed 10 essentially needs water (during absorption and subsequent stages of growth), oxygen (for respiration) and temperature adequate for metabolism and growth. Some seeds also require light and therefore must be on the soil surface in order to germinate, and not buried beneath the soil surface (McDonald, 2011). A general statement was made that percent of germination or p ercent of viable seeds of Rumex scutatus drop over time as a result of exposure to environmental conditions (Yilmaz and Aksoy, 2007). Some seeds have certain chemicals inside them to which prevent their germination, while some seeds may not have well developed embryo and require storage for a few weeks before germination can take place (Anonymous, 2011a). Some seeds present deep physiological dormancy with a very low germination percentage and they need a long time to start germination (Vera et al. , 2010). Heavy metals of Zn and ZnO particles were observed to have significant inhibition on seed germination and root growth (El-Temsah and Joner, 2010). The decrease in the value of germination percentage and germination index of the seed caused by the increased amount of metallic compound indicates that at a lower concentration, the contaminant posed little or no harm on the seed viability but in higher level, germination is retarded (Jaja and Odoemena, 2004). In the presence of heavy metals at certain concentrations, the radical of Arabidopsis thaliana protruded from testa, but the embryo growth was arrested beyond the point (Li et al. 2005). Although the seed coat provides some protection from metal stress prior to germination, it will eventually 11 crack or become more permeable upon germination. The current literature suggests that seed germination is affected by metals in two ways. Firstly, by their general toxicity, and secondly are by their inhibition of water uptake (Kranner and C olville, 2011). The seed injury caused by organic mercurials to cereals was characterized by abnormal germination. The primary effect of mercury could possibly be on the embryo itself, and effects on the endosperm were of secondary importance (Patra and Sharma, 2000). 2. 3 Environmental effect Salinity reduced germination percentage and also delayed the germination rate as the salt level was increased. The germination rate, germination index and coefficient of velocity of germination of forage sorghums decreased under salinity treatments. The germination percentage was a maximum in distilled water, but decreased with increasing salinity (Siti Aishah et al. , 2010). The pH of soil plays a great role in the speciation and bio-availability of heavy metals thus; the maximum allowable con centrations in soil vary with soil (Luo et al. , 2011). The percentage germination was low at acidic as well as alkaline conditions in both the sets of scarified and unscarified Solanum nigrum seeds. It was observed that neutral pH plays in an important role in increasing germination (Suthar et al. , 2009). 12 Erica australis had increased seed germination in response to factors related to passage of fire and low pH (Vera et al. , 2010). Caperonia palustris seed germination was less than 32% at pH 4 and 10. High seed germination over a broad pH range indicated that pH may not be a limiting factor for germination in most soils (Koger et al. , 2004). The addition of lime caused a significant increase in soil pH providing an alkaline buffering capacity against heavy metal availability for the acid loamy soil while without liming the acidic soil may cause a lowering of the alkalinity of sludge resulting in a higher availability of heavy metals (Wong et al. , 2001). 13 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Location of the study This study was conducted at Laboratory A603, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor. 3. 2 Test material Capsicum annuum fully ripe fruits were purchased from local market and a total of 600 seeds were extracted from the fruits. The seeds were cleaned with running tap water, pat dried with paper towel and air dried for two days prior to experimentation. 3. 3 Experiment procedure 3. 3. 1 Sterilization of seed Seeds were rinsed with 10% Chlorox followed by 3 times rinsing with distilled water. 3. 3. 2 Treatment Seeds were germinated in enclosed Petri dishes on paper towel containing HgCl2 solutions at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/l respectively. The paper towel was moistened with 2 ml of the respective HgCl 2 solution before the seeds were placed on the paper towel for germination test. The paper towel was applied with 2 ml of the 14 espective mercury solution at alternate days unless the paper towel was still found moist with the previous application of solution. 3. 4 Data collection The germination/emergence of the seedling (radical and plumule) was recorded for a period of 10 days. Then, the length of the radical (primary root) and plumule (primary shoot) was measured at two days after germination. The other abnormal morphology, growth and development of seedlings were also recorded. 3. 5 Experimental design The experiment was based on completely randomized design (CRD) as it is the most commonly used design for laboratory research. This experiment was arranged in a CRD as a single factor experiment with 5 replicates. There were 20 seeds in each replicate. 3. 6 Statistical analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and treatment means were compared using Tukey’s Simultaneous Test. Germination percentage was transformed to arc-sine value before ANOVA. 3. 7 Work schedule This study was conducted starting from January 2011 until July 2011 (Table 3. 1). It involved extraction and cleaning of seeds, air drying of seeds, sterilization procedure, and treatment with HgCl2, data collection and data 15 analysis. At the end of this study, project report was presented orally and the written final report was submitted. Table 3. 1: Work schedule for the study on germination and growth of C. annuum after application of HgCl2 at various concentrations Weeks activities 2 Collection of material / / 8 10 / 12 14 / / / Data collection 6 / Treatment 4 Data analysis Oral presentation / Submission of report / 16 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Figure 4. 1 indicates the germination of C. annuum seeds treated with varying concentrations of HgCl2. Capsicum annuum seed germination was significantly affected by treatment with HgCl2 up to 100 mg/l (Figures 4. and 4. 2; Table 4. 1; Appendices A and B). Seeds treated ? 50 mg/l HgCl 2 showed significantly lower germination percentage and germination index as compared to the control seeds treated with distilled water and those treated with lower HgCl 2 at 25 mg/l. This trend was visible from 4 days after germination onwards until end of the study period of 10 days. Figure 4. 1: Germination of C. annuum seeds after treatment with HgCl2 17 Figure 4.2: Seed germination at the 10th day with HgCl2 treatment at 25mg/l Table 4. 1: Germination and growth of C. annuum after treatment withHgCl2 HgCl2 mg/l) Germination % Germination index Length of radical (cm) Length of plumule (cm) 0 100 ±0 a 5. 41 ±0. 84 a 1. 75 ±0. 11 a 0. 77 ±0. 07 a 25 95 ±6. 12 a 5. 38 ±0. 59 a 1. 23 ±0. 07 b 0. 70 ±0. 06 ab 50 56 ±9. 62 b 3. 08 ±0. 73 b 0. 95 ±0. 08 c 0. 58 ±0. 11 b 75 49 ±6. 52 b 3. 16 ±0. 66 b 0. 61 ±0. 02 d 0. 36 ±0. 01 c 100 28 ±9. 08 c 1. 90 ±0. 54 b 0. 47 ±0. 02 e 0. 33 ±0. 11 c Means with the same letter within the same column are not significantly different at 5% level of significance All HgCl2 treatments ranging from 25 – 100 mg/l as studied resulted in significant inhibition of radical growth (Table 4. ; Appendi ces B and C). Growth inhibition of 18 radical increased significantly and simultaneously with increasing HgCl 2 concentration indicating that radical was very sensitive to this heavy metal. Based on Table 4. 1, plumule growth of C. annuum seeds was also affected significantly by the HgCl2 treatment (Appendices B and D). Plumule growth was less sensitive to this heavy metal; only those treated at higher rates of 75 and 100 mg/l showed significantly the greatest inhibition effects. Heavy metal of mercury was found to affect the germination and growth of C. nnuum seeds. Based on the results, mercury at 50 mg/l was found to retard seed germination in terms of germination percentage and germination index. This concentration of mercury also affected development of radical and plumule in terms of length of the organs. Toxicity caused by the under study heavy metal at concentration of 50 mg/l was presumed to result in obvious reduced seed germination and inhibition of growth of seedlings of C. annuum. 19 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION Seed germination and growth of C. annuum seedlings were affected with HgCl2 at 50 mg/l. Reduced seed germination and inhibition of seedling growth were recorded with this treatment and higher concentration of HgCl2. The seeds of this fruit vegetable can be concluded to be sensitive to mercury contamination. 20 CITED REFERENCES Anonymous. (2012a). Chili peppers nutrition facts. Retrieved 20 May 2012, from nutrition-and-you. com/chili-peppers. html Anonymous. (2012b). PLANTS Profile Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum cayenne pepper Retrieved 20 May 2012, from http://plants. usda. gov/java/profile? symbol=CAAN4 Anonymous. (2011a). Seed technology. Retrieved 21 September 2011, from http://ifs. nic. in/rt/main/courses/seed_tech. pdf Belletti, P. , Marzachi, C. Lanteri, S. (1998). 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Erciyes Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 23(1-2): 24-29. 23 APPENDIX A Germination of C. APPENDIX B ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square germination Between Groups Within Groups G. I Length of radical Length of plumule Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total 12408. 834 4 3102. 208 707. 247 20 F Sig. 35. 362 13116. 081 48. 100 9. 246 57. 346 5. 203 .091 5. 294 .758 .130 .888 25 24 4 20 24 4 20 24 4 20 24 12. 025 .462 87. 726 . 000 26. 011 . 000 1. 301 286. 374 . 000 .005 .190 .007 29. 159 . 00 Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD Dependent Variable (I) treatment (J) treatm ent germination 0 25 50 75 100 25 0 50 75 100 50 0 25 75 100 75 0 25 50 100 100 0 25 50 75 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 9. 72566 3. 76098 . 111 Lower Bound Upper Bound -1. 5286 20. 9799 3. 76098 . 000 30. 2341 52. 7426 3. 76098 . 000 34. 3137 56. 8222 3. 76098 . 000 47. 0576 69. 5661 -9. 72566 3. 76098 . 111 -20. 9799 1. 5286 41. 48839 * 45. 56795 * 58. 31190 * 31. 76273 * 3. 76098 . 000 20. 5085 43. 0170 35. 84229 * 3. 76098 . 000 24. 5880 47. 0965 48. 58623 * 3. 76098 . 000 37. 3320 59. 8405 -41. 48839 * . 76098 . 000 -52. 7426 -30. 2341 -31. 76273 * 3. 76098 . 000 -43. 0170 -20. 5085 4. 07956 3. 76098 . 812 -7. 1747 15. 3338 16. 82351 * 3. 76098 . 002 5. 5693 28. 0778 -45. 56795 * 3. 76098 . 000 -56. 8222 -34. 3137 -35. 84229 * 3. 76098 . 000 -47. 0965 -24. 5880 -4. 07956 3. 76098 . 812 -15. 3338 7. 1747 12. 74395 * 3. 76098 . 022 1. 4897 23. 9982 -58. 31190 * 3. 76098 . 000 -69. 5661 -47. 0576 -48. 58623 * 3. 76098 . 000 -59. 8405 -37. 3320 -16. 82351 * 3. 76098 . 002 -28. 0778 -5. 5693 -12. 74395 * 3. 76098 . 022 -23. 9982 -1. 4897 26 Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I-J) Dependent Variable (I) treatment (J) treatment G. I 0 25 .03500 .43003 1. 000 -1. 2518 1. 3218 50 2. 33000 * .43003 . 000 1. 0432 3. 6168 2. 25333 * .43003 . 000 .9665 3. 5401 3. 51167 * .43003 . 000 2. 2249 4. 7985 0 -. 03500 .43003 1. 000 -1. 3218 1. 2518 50 2. 29500* .43003 . 000 1. 0082 3. 5818 75 2. 21833 * .43003 . 000 .9315 3. 5051 3. 47667 * .43003 . 000 2. 1899 4. 7635 -2. 33000 * .43003 . 000 -3. 6168 -1. 0432 -2. 29500 * .43003 . 000 -3. 5818 -1. 0082 75 -. 07667 .43003 1. 000 -1. 3635 1. 2101 100 1. 18167 .43003 . 082 -. 1051 2. 4685 0 -2. 25333 * .43003 . 000 -3. 5401 -. 9665 25 -2. 21833* .43003 . 000